Pdf grammar in use

It to get to work. Mozart wrote more than pieces of music. We couldn't afford to keep our car, so we it. I was very thirsty. I the water very quickly. Paul and I played tennis yesterday. He's much better than me, so he easily. Don down the stairs this morning and his lag. Jim the ball to Sue, who it.

Ann a lot of money yesterday. She a dress which l You ask him about it. Write your questions. Where did you go? The film wasn't very good. I didn't enjoy it very much.

I knew Sarah was very busy, so I her. I was very tired, so I to bed early. The bed was very uncomfortable. I very well. Sue wasn't hungry, so she anything.

We went to Kate's house but she at home. It was a funny situation but nobody laugh 9. The window was open and a bird into the room. The hotel wasn't very expensive. It very much. I was in a hurry, so I time to phone you. It was hard work carrying the bags. They very heavy.

Past continuous I was doing A. Study this example situation: Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 o'clock and finished at So, at They had not finished playing. We use the past continuous to say that somebody was in the middle of doing something at a certain time.

You were sitting on the grass and reading a book. So I stopped and we had a chat. We knew each other well. Write one sentence as in the examples. The past continuous is not always necessary see the second example.

Use the past continuous. Tom burnt his hand while he was cooking the dinner. The doorbell rang while I 3. Mary fell asleep while she 5. The television was on but nobody 6. I saw see Sue in town yesterday but she look the other way. I meet Tom and Ann at the airport a few weeks ago. They go to Berlin and I go to Madrid. We have a chat while we wait for our flights. I cycle home yesterday when suddenly a man step out into the road in front of me.

Jane was waiting wait for me when I arrived arrive. We were in a very difficult position. I haven't seen Alan for ages.

When I last see him, he try to find a Job in London. I walk along the street when suddenly I hear footsteps behind me. Somebody follow me. I was frightened and I start to run. When I was young, I want to be a bus driver.

Study this example situation: Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key. When we use the present perfect there is always a connection with now.

I've lost it. Have you seen it? I've cut my finger. I've just had lunch. Have you just arrived? We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected see also Unit D. He has gone to Spain. She has been to Italy.

In the letter you give news about yourself and other people. Use the words given to make sentences. Use the present perfect. Dear Chris, Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you. Choose one of the following: arrive break go up grow improve lose 1. Mike is looking for his key. Margaret can't walk and her leg is in plaster.

She 3. Maria's English wasn't very good. Now it is much better. Tim didn't have a beard last month. Now he has a beard. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it. Last week the bus fare was 80 pence.

Now it is A: Would you like something to eat? B: No, thanks. A: Do you know where Julia is? B: Yes, I her. A: What time is David leaving? A: What's in the newspaper today? B: I don't know. A: Is Ann coming to the cinema with us? B: No, she the film.

A: Are your friends here yet? A: What does Tim think about your plan? After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says 'Would you like something to eat? Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says 'Can I speak to Joe? You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. You say: Wait a minute!

You are going to a restaurant this evening. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says 'Shall I phone to reserve a table? You know that a friend of yours is looking for a job. Perhaps she has been successful. You say: ? Ann went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks 'Is Ann still at the bank?

Jim is on holiday. He's gone to Italy. I've just to the shops. I've bought lots of things. Alice isn't here at the moment. She's to the shop to get a newspaper. Tom has. He'll be back in about an hour. Present perfect 2 I have done A. DAVE: Really? Have you ever been to China?

Here, Dave and Jane are talking about the places Jane has visited in her life which is a period that continues until now. She's seen it eight times! It's the most boring film I've ever seen. We haven't had any problems so far. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. We haven't seen each other for a long time. Have you? Note that we say 'It's the first time something has happened' present perfect.

For example: Don is having a driving lesson. He is very nervous and unsure because it is his first lesson. It's the second time this has happened. It's the first good meal I've had for ages. That's the third time he's phoned her this evening. Make questions from the words in brackets. Have you ever ridden a horse? What 8. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use a verb from this list: be be cat happen have meet play read see see try 1 A: What's George's sister like?

B: I've no idea. I've never met her. A: How is Amy these days? I her recently. A: Are you hungry? B: Yes. I much today. A: Can you play chess? B: Yes, but for ages. A: Did you enjoy your holiday? B: Yes, it's the best holiday for a long time. A: What's that book like? B: I don't know 7. A: Is Brussels an interesting place? B: I've no idea there. A: Mike was late for work again today. B: Again? He every day this week. A: Do you like caviar? B: I don't know A: The car broke down again yesterday.

That's the second time this week. Who's that woman by the door B: I don't know before. I saw Tom yesterday but I haven't seen him today. I read a newspaper yesterday but I today. Last year the company made a profit but this year 4.

Tracy worked hard at school last term but 5. It snowed a lot last winter but 6. Our football team won a lot of games last season but we 8. Jack is driving a car but he's very nervous and not sure what to do. You ask: Have you driven a car before? Len is playing tennis. He's not very good and he doesn't know the rules.

You ask: Have 3. Sue is riding a horse. She doesn't look very confident or comfortable. Maria is in London. She has just arrived and it's very new for her.

Present perfect continuous I have been doing A. It has been raining. Study this example situation: Is it raining? No, but the ground is wet. We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped. Have you been running? He's been working very hard. What have you been doing? It has been raining for two hours. Study this example situation: It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago and it is still raining.

How long has it been raining? We often use the present perfect continuous in this way, especially with how long, for The activity is still happening as in this example or has just stopped. He's been watching television all day. I've been looking for you for the last half hour. You can use the present perfect continuous for actions repeated over a period of time: Debbie is a very good tennis player. She's been playing since she was eight. Every morning they meet in the same cafe. They've been going there for years.

It's raining. We're waiting. It's been raining. They have been shopping. They 4. He 9. John looks sunburnt. Have you been sitting in the sun?

You have just arrived to meet a friend who is waiting for you. You meet a friend in the street. His face and hands are very dirty. A friend of yours is now living in Baker Street. You want to know 'How long? A friend tells you about his job--he sells computers.

The rain started two hours ago. It's still raining now. We started waiting for the bus 20 minutes ago. We're still waiting now. We for 20 minutes. I started Spanish classes in December. I'm still learning Spanish now. I since December. Ann began looking for a job six months ago. She's still looking now. Mary started working in London on 18 January.

She's still working there now. Years ago you started writing to a pen-friend. You still write to each other regularly now. We for years. Maria has been learning learn English for two years. Hello, Tom. I look for you all morning. Where have you been? Stop it! We always go to Ireland for our holidays. We go there for years. I think about what you said and I've decided to take your advice. Sarah is very tired. She work very hard recently. Present perfect continuous and simple I have been doing and I have done A.

Study these example situations: Ann's clothes are covered in paint. She has been painting the ceiling. Has been Painting is the present perfect We are interested in the activity.

It does not matter whether something has been finished or not. In this example, the activity painting the ceiling has not been finished. The ceiling was white. Now it is blue.

She has painted the ceiling. Has painted is the present perfect simple. Here, the important thing is that something has been finished. We are interested in the result of the activity the painted ceiling , not in the activity itself. I've been repairing the car. The car is OK again now. I've repaired it. She should smoke less. Somebody has smoked all my cigarettes. The packet is empty.

What have you been doing since we last met? Where's the book I gave you? What have you done with it? Have you been playing tennis? Have you ever played tennis? She's been writing letters all day. Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page Linda is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her tour three months ago. Jimmy is a tennis player.

He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he is national champion again--for the fourth time. When they left college, Mary and Sue started making films together. They still make films. You have a friend who is learning Arabic. How long have you been learning Arabic? You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You see somebody fishing by the river.

Some friends of yours are having a party next week. A friend of yours is a teacher. You meet somebody who is a writer. A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. Somebody break that window. You look tired. My brother is an actor. He appear In several films. I lose my address book. I read the book you lent me, so you can have it back now.

How long have you been? Study this example situation: Bob and Alice are married. They got married exactly 20 years ago, so today is their 20th wedding anniversary. They have been married for 20 years. We say: They are married. Have you been waiting long? For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A. For have see Unit Correct them if they are wrong. Bob is a friend of mine. The weather is awful. I like your house. I'm going to Paris tomorrow. That's a very old bicycle.

John tells you that his mother is in hospital. How long has your mother been in hospital? You meet a woman who tells you that she teaches English. You know that Jane is a good friend of Carol's. Your friend's brother went to Australia some time ago and he's still there.

Tim always wears the same jacket. It's a very old jacket. You are talking to a friend about Alan. Alan now works at the airport. A friend of yours is having driving lessons. You meet somebody on a train. She tells you that she lives in Glasgow. A: Amy is in hospital, isn't she? B: Yes, she has been in hospital since Monday.

A: Do you see Ann very often? B: No, I haven't seen her for three months. A: Is Margaret married? Yes, she married for ten years.

A: Are you waiting for me? B: Yes, I for the last half hour. A: You know Linda, don't you? B: Yes, we each other for ages. A: Do you still play tennis? B: No, I tennis for years. A: Is Jim watching TV? B: Yes, he TV all evening. A: Do you watch TV a lot?

B: No, I TV for a long time. Have you got a headache? B: Yes, I a headache all morning. A: George is never ill, is he? B: No, he ill since I've known him.

A: Are you feeling ill? B: Yes, I ill since I got up. Sue lives in London, doesn't she? B: Yes, she in London for the last few years. Do you still go to the cinema a lot? B: No, I to the cinema for ages. Would you like to go to New York one day? B: Yes, I to go to New York. For and since A. Compare When? A: How long has it been raining? A: When did Joe and Carol first meet? A: How long have Joe and Carol known each other? B: They've known each other for a long time.

We use both for and since to say how long something has been happening. We use for when we say a period of time two hours, six weeks etc. When did it start raining? Kate is learning Italian. I know Martin. Bob and Alice are married. It's raining now. It's been raining since lunchtime. It started raining at lunchtime.

Ann and I are friends. We first met years ago. We've known each other for years. Mark is ill. He became ill on Sunday. He has 4. He became ill a few days ago. He has 5. Sarah is married. She's been married for two years. She got 6. You've got a camera. You bought it ten years ago. I've 7. Sue has been in France for the last three weeks. She went 8. You're working in a hotel. You started in June. I've Tom's father has been doing the same job 20 years.

Have you been learning English a long time? Sarah has lived in London Please hurry up! We've been waiting an hour. Kevin has been looking for a job he left school.

The house is very dirty. We haven't cleaned it ages. I haven't had a good meal last Tuesday. A: Do you often go on holiday? A: Do you often eat in restaurants? A: Do you often see Sarah? A: Do you often go to the cinema? This time use It's Present perfect and past 1 I have done and I did A. Ten minutes later: Now Tom has found his key. He has it now.

Has he lost his key? He has found it. Did he lose his key? He lost his key past simple but now he has found it. It always tells us something about now. The past simple tells us only about the past. If somebody says 'Tom lost his key', we don't know whether he has it now or not.

We only know that he lost it at some time in the past. She has written many books. We use the present perfect to give new information see Unit 7. I've burnt myself. B: How did you do that? Somebody has spilt milk on the carpet. B: Well, it wasn't me. I didn't do it. Jack had a beard. Now he hasn't got a beard. He has shaved off his beard. Linda was here five minutes ago.

Mow she's in bed. The temperature was 25 degrees. Now it is only The temperature 4. The light was off. Now it is on. Somebody 5. The tree was only three metres high. Now it is four. The tree 6. The plane was on the runway a few minutes ago. Now it is in the air. The plane I was very tired, so I lay down on the bed and went to sleep. Mary to Australia for a while but she's back again now. I did German at school but I most of it.

I meant to phone Diane last night but I forget 7. I a headache earlier but I feel fine now. There's an ambulance over there. There an accident. They're still building the new road. They it. The police three people but later they let them go. Ann me her address but I'm afraid I it. Where's my bike? It outside the house.

It be, disappear What do you think of my English? Do you think I ? Do you know about Sue? It's bleeding. Mary isn't at home. Somebody has split spill coffee on the carpet. A: Ben break his leg. B: Really? A: He fall off a ladder. A: Your hair looks nice. A: Who cut it? B: No, a friend of mine do it for me. Present perfect and past 2 I have done and I did A.

He can't get into the house. Here, we are not thinking of the past action. We are thinking of the present result of the action: Tom doesn't have his key now. He couldn't get into the house.

Here, we are thinking of the action in the past. We don't know from this sentence whether Tom has his key now. We use the present perfect for a period of time that continues from the past until now. For example, today, this week, since I haven't seen her. He has lived there for seven years. See Units We use the past simple for a finished time in the past.

For example, yesterday, last week, from to B: I don't think so. I didn't see her. Now he lives in London. I can't find it anywhere. Do you want to see it? I'm looking for Mike. I'm very hungry. Use the present perfect or past simple. I don't know where Amy is. When I get home last night, I be very tired and I go straight to bed. Mr Clark work in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.

Molly lives in Dublin. She live there all her life. The film be awful. My grandfather die 30 years ago. I don't know Carol's husband. A: Is your father at home? B: No, I'm afraid he go out. B: About ten minutes ago. A: Where do you live? B: In Boston. B: Five years. B: In Chicago. B: Two years.

Past perfect I had done A. Study this example situation: Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party too but they didn't see each other. Paul went home at So: When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn't there. He had gone home. This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the past perfect had He hadn't flown before. Had done past perfect is the past of have done present perfect. I've never seen her before.

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