Flight instructors may provide flight training to a student pilot in a similar make and model. For example, a student who normally receives flight training and is endorsed for solo flight in a Cessna , can occasionally train with his or her instructor in a Cessna a similar model. As long as the student demonstrates proficiency and safety, the Cessna can be used to complete the maneuvers and procedures required by 14 CFR An endorsement 10 in AC must be made by the instructor attesting that the preparation is correct and that the student is prepared to make the flight safely under the known conditions.
The endorsement is valid only on the specified date. For example, a student may encounter unforecast weather problems and need to stay overnight at another airport. In this case, the student will need another endorsement for the return cross-country flight. Note: An exemption is provided in 14 CFR The student pilot must have an endorsement that authorizes the flights 11 in AC Reference: 14 CFR To be eligible for a practical test an applicant must have an endorsement, if required, in his or her logbook or training record that has been signed by an authorized instructor who certifies that the applicant:.
Note: These endorsements are often combined, such as with the instrument practical test endorsement 40 in AC A Sport Pilot certificate is issued without aircraft category and class ratings. Logbook endorsements specify the category, class, make, and model of aircraft that the sport pilot is authorized to fly as PIC.
A proficiency check is required to obtain operating privileges in an additional category or class of light-sport aircraft LSA. One endorsement is given by the recommending instructor who provides the required training 18 in AC A proficiency check is not a practical test, and no knowledge test is required. Therefore, the prerequisites for practical test endorsement 1 in AC and the airman knowledge test endorsement 2 in AC do not apply.
The holder of Recreational Pilot certificate is required to have additional training and an instructor endorsement for any solo flight:. Specific additional aircraft training requirements are outlined in 14 CFR Endorsements related to aircraft characteristics include complex, high performance, high altitude, tailwheel operations, and type-specific training.
Except for Student and Sport Pilot certificates, all pilot and instructor certificates have associated ratings. To add an additional aircraft rating on a pilot certificate, the requirements of 14 CFR Category Ratings: Applicants must receive the training and have the aeronautical experience required by 14 CFR Part 61 that applies to the pilot certificate level for the category, and if applicable, class rating sought.
Class Ratings: Applicants must be found competent in the knowledge areas and proficient in the Areas of Operation for the class rating sought. No minimum amount of aeronautical experience is specified, but some ground and flight training must be logged.
Applicants for an additional rating may be required to log PIC time in the aircraft before taking the practical test. For example, an airplane pilot transitioning to helicopters category change must meet the aeronautical experience requirements for the new rating. Some PIC time is a requirement of that experience. Because the pilot applicant does not already hold the ratings necessary to act as PIC, he or she must receive the solo flight endorsement from an instructor. The endorsement is not the same as those given to student pilots.
Since, the applicant already holds at least a Private Pilot certificate, student pilot endorsements do not apply.
Unlike a student pilot endorsement that is issued with a day solo limitation, the rated pilot may continue to perform solo flight operations on the basis of the endorsement. It would be prudent of the flight instructor to place a time limitation with the endorsement. Also, unlike a student pilot, a person operating in solo flight under a 14 CFR Part The successful completion of any required recurrent training e. In either case, the instructor must sign the logbook entry for any ground or flight training provided.
As you read local stories, keep track of the reporters who are writing them. Put those names in a spreadsheet, along with their contact information as you find it: this is your media list.
Past votes for incumbents. Finding this information can be more challenging for state and local level incumbents. Flexibility and a willingness to learn are crucial characteristics for a political candidate. You don't want to discourage people from evolving and taking on better policy positions by dismissing it as flip-flopping.
But if a politician has made a shift, it's important to understand why they made that shift and how they've put it into action in their words, decisions, and voting record if you're going to support them. At the end of the day, you should look for candidates who have a record of championing issues most important to YOU. The next step is reaching out to the campaign. If your candidate is issuing press releases, their name and contact information will often be at the top of the release.
That said, depending on how early in the campaign you get in touch, they may or may not have a dedicated communications staff. When you get in touch, be sure to come prepared with information about who your group is mission, size, and focus. Once you are ready to start planning your electoral activity, explore our Campaign Finance FAQs for more on independent vs. Note on Hosting Events with Candidates. We recommend that groups avoid spending any money to host candidate events unless they have received guidance from a campaign finance attorney about how to structure the event.
One way to avoid campaign finance implications is to host a candidate event without incurring any expenses. Remember these best practices to follow when interacting with candidates. Dave refused our invitation, but we did invite them both. Be Systematic in Your Process -- Fairness means approaching every campaign in the same way.
If you put together a candidate questionnaire discussed below , make sure you are sending the same questionnaire to every candidate. While this is all crucial information, it is best to focus on policies and values during interviews or on questionnaires. You should avoid getting any inside information from the campaign on strategy or tactics, and stay focused on the issues, not the campaign process. You can send a campaign a candidate questionnaire, ask the candidate to sign a candidate pledge, or attend as a group events hosted and paid for by a campaign.
Send a Candidate Questionnaire: one of the best ways of getting information from a campaign on the issues that matter most to you is to send the campaign a candidate questionnaire. Designing your Questionnaire: so what issues should you include on your questionnaire?
Democrats need to fix our democracy and reverse the damage done by the Trump administration. Think about what pushing forward a progressive agenda looks like in your district. For example, in our national endorsement questionnaire, the candidate must support universal health care to pass.
When framing your questions, keep a few things in mind:. The candidate is the one looking to earn your endorsement, not the other way around. The questionnaire is aspirational, written so that your ideal candidate would get a perfect score. Some questions are about getting candidates on the record. If you end up endorsing, you can point to these responses to hold the candidate accountable to their positions. To help you plan your questions, take a look at our National Endorsement Questionnaire.
Keep it Simple! After all group members have had an opportunity to review candidate information, it is time to make a final decision on whether or not to endorse specific candidates. There are a number of ways your group can go about making its final decision, each with benefits and drawbacks. The most important thing is not the method, but the fact that the process is clear and fair from the beginning. First, set in place a clear plan for how the votes will be counted.
There are a variety of ways your group can vote. Here are a few ideas you can consider:. You may need to vote multiple times to reach this percentage. This is our recommended method. Consensus: All members of a group must be in agreement for an endorsement. This can be very difficult to achieve and is generally not recommended. Plurality: The endorsement goes to the candidate with the most votes regardless of the percentage.
This can result in a low level of buy-in, so is generally not recommended. We strongly recommend requiring a two-thirds majority to move forward with an endorsement. You could also require a mere plurality going with the candidate with the most votes, regardless of what percentage of people voted for her , or a true consensus where every member needs to agree to endorse.
But you know your group best, and what will work best for you. You should also consider what to do if there are more than two candidates competing for your endorsement. We would recommend holding two rounds of voting: an initial count, and a runoff election. The initial election has all eligible candidates, and the runoff is between the top two vote-getters. This can be during a regular meeting, online over a specified period of time, or in a meeting called specifically for this purpose.
If this is likely to be a contentious vote, making voting anonymous online or some other manner can be really helpful in keeping the peace. In-person meetings have the benefit of feeling more personal, and of allowing interaction among members of your group.
If you choose to hold an in-person meeting, you may ask if any members want to speak up in favor of or against endorsing particular candidates. On the other hand, in-person meetings may be more challenging for some members of your group to attend. Single parents and group members who work in the evening may struggle to make it to nighttime meetings.
Depending on where your meetings are held, and whether you have a group member qualified to serve as an ASL interpreter, some group members may also face accessibility issues for in-person meetings. Consider providing childcare, and the option for members to vote by proxy sending a friend or absentee voting in advance if they are unable to make it to the meeting.
You can also choose to conduct the final endorsement decision online, using online software to come to group consensus. Both Survey Monkey and Doodle can be used to create online polls that group members can vote in. Still, it is important to make sure your poll is clear and easy to understand. Some group members may be less familiar with online polling software than others, and may struggle to deal with new technology if there are too many options or if the options are unclear.
Online votes are necessarily less personal than face-to-face meetings. This can help prevent arguments between group members, but also reduces the opportunity for dialogue about pluses and minuses of different candidates. Members often raise points during in-person meetings that would go unheard during an online poll. As a best practice, we recommend that even if you're ultimately going to be voting using an online poll, you hold at least one meeting to discuss the candidates before doing so.
The statement should be short -- no more than three paragraphs -- and should be fully focused on the candidate and why you are excited to work on their behalf in the upcoming election.
This is a great place to highlight particular policy stances your group supports and to demonstrate the importance of those policies in securing your endorsement. Regardless of how you conducted your vote, there will inevitably be some group members who were unable to participate.
Having some group members read about the decision after the fact in the press would be particularly bad for morale. Prepare an Internal Statement. It is also a good idea to give a heads up as to what your group will be doing in support of the endorsement -- such as canvassing, phone banking, and voter registration efforts.
You should inform both your endorsed candidate and any other candidates you considered. After all, they did take the time to fill out your questionnaire and go through your process. Contact the Candidates. Send your general statement along with a quick note to any candidates who responded to your candidate questionnaire, thanking them for their time, and letting them know who your group decided to endorse. Remember: if you spend money on publicizing your endorsement to the general public, federal, state or local campaign finance laws may apply.
Your goal here is to insert your endorsement into the narrative of the race. Prepare a Press Release. Whoever handles external communications should work on drafting a press release about your endorsement.
If not, a group member who enjoys writing can take on the responsibility. First, Consider Offering an Exclusive. Skip ahead. If you have a good, friendly relationship with a local reporter : Reach out to the reporter about a week in advance to offer an exclusive. If the reporter agrees to an exclusive story, be prepared to tell them what your endorsement means: how will your group use its people power to help your candidate?
They need these details to fill in the column-inches that will make their story work. You can point to planned future events, or highlight how your group has mobilized around a past endorsement.
If not: You can still use a similar tactic to up your chances of a story getting published. Read a couple of stories to make sure you think their coverage has been fair. A day or so in advance, email them and offer to share an exclusive copy of your press release in advance.
The reporter may pass, or say yes. Send the statement out to local press, remembering to BCC all contacts. Finally, Post your Statement Online. Post your public statement on your website and social media accounts. When local Indivisible groups endorsed Lauren Underwood in IL, there was no headline in the local papers about it. But once Underwood won her election in November, stories about her victory mentioned local Indivisibles and their role in her win.
Stay tuned over the coming months to learn more about best practices for political campaigning, and how your group can have a real impact on electoral politics. Finally, always feel free to reach out to field indivisible. As explained above, every group should approach these decisions in a way that is best for your group and keeps with your values. To aid in your process, below is a sample imagined process from start to finish that you can tailor to your needs.
You can download a version of this template here. Indivisible ABC is excited that there are several fantastic candidates running for mayor in their city! There are a few really great progressive candidates in the race, and this election could make a big impact in their city.
Indivisible ABC has some members that are really excited to get involved with the election, and some others who are nervous it will cause fractures within the group. At the same time, their outreach coordinator, Jessie, began to discuss the possibility of endorsing with the other four Indivisible groups in their city.
They weigh the pros and cons of endorsing and decide that this election is too important for the future of their city for them to sit out-- they need to get involved. They feel confident that their group can have a productive conversation about the issues and will be prepared to come together in the general election, no matter the outcome. Now, they need to determine how they will run the process. A week later, Ana sets a time for a two-hour-long steering committee meeting to determine the process.
At this point, there are four months until the primary election, so her group has a month to run the process, and then three months to actually get involved in the election. In advance of the meeting, Ana takes the time to write out a clear, timed agenda. She sends the agenda to her steering committee on the morning of the meeting. When the meeting starts, Ana walks through clear norms and the steering committee agrees that each decision requires three positive votes from the five members of the steering committee.
Together, the steering committee answers the following questions from the Endorsement Guide:. Who makes the decision on the process? The entire steering committee will set the process as outlined above. Who can vote? Any group member who has attended an action or meeting in the last six weeks is eligible to vote on the endorsement.
The steering committee will send out the list of eligible members a week in advance of the meeting. The group will vote anonymously.
They will all come together for a meeting and cast a secret ballot. Group members will be allowed to send a proxy or cast a ballot early by absentee.
The group will only move forward with a candidate that receives two-thirds majority. After the first vote, the two highest vote winners will go to a second round if none receives two-thirds in the first vote.
What happens to members who disagree? All members are encouraged to join but are welcome to canvass or phone bank for other candidates as individual volunteers. How will you roll out the process to group members?
The entire process will be outlined in an upcoming group meeting, posted on the private group Facebook group and sent out to the list.
This will include all the information outlined above about the process. Once the steering committee of Indivisible ABC finalizes their process, they announce it to their group at the next group meeting.
They make it clear that this process is finalized, but accept all questions about the decision making and the process itself. Ana and the rest of the steering committee stay late after the meeting to answer additional questions and follow up individually with members who have concerns.
This research had been going on over the last few weeks but ramps up in the runup to the vote. The research is finalized two weeks before the group endorsement vote, which is about 3. Two weeks before the endorsement vote meeting, the candidate research committee sends around information to all the members for review.
This includes the candidate pledge, an outline of each candidate and a shorter document that summarizes the major differences between the candidates. This is sent out a few times on different platforms. About three months before the primary, endorsement day arrives! After giving group members two weeks to review the candidate information, the voting meeting is held.
Once the decision has been made, Indivisible ABC puts together a statement to notify all group members of the decision. After group members are notified, the press team crafts a public statement. Indivisible ABC then kicks into high gear in support of their endorsed candidate by signing up to knock doors and phone bank. Skip to main content.
Search form Search. Image by Caroline Kavit. Image by Melissa Bender. Image from Herndon-Reston Indivisible. Step 1: Create a fair process. Here are key questions to answer when setting up your internal processes for endorsement See Chapter 5: How to Make an Endorsement for more information : Who makes the decision on process? When NOT to make an endorsement Endorsing is not right for every group.
Create a Timeline Endorsements are most meaningful when you leave yourself enough time to have an impact on the election. Sample Timeline - General Election Below is a sample timeline you can use when designing a process for endorsements for a general election.
April Week 1: Evaluate what races will be on the ballot, and determine where your group wants to spend your resources making endorsements. June Week 1: Contact campaigns with the results of your endorsement process. How to Interact With Candidates Alrighty! Do Your Candidate Research Peek under the hood.
Here are some go-to resources to review: Candidate websites.
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