Everything from individual teaching experience to popular educational theory can influence what components are used in a literacy program. But we feel that no matter what program is popular at the time, an effective literacy program should always encompass these six basic components: phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, comprehension, and writing.
Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear that a spoken word is made up of a series of discrete sounds. This is not just important in English, but phonemic awareness is critical for any language that has an alphabetic writing system. Phonemic awareness is an important component of a good literacy program for a few reasons:. According to the National Reading Panel , the amount of phonemic awareness that a child has been exposed to before the start of school is a strong factor in how well that child will read by the end of first grade.
Phonemic awareness is also the precursor to phonics instruction. Phonemic awareness is a necessary component for phonics instruction to be effective because the students need to connect the units of the written word to the sounds in the spoken word.
The NRP suggests that including phonemic awareness is a necessary component in the process of teaching children how to read. The NRP states that those who promote the use of phonemic awareness believe that including phonemic awareness as a component in literacy programs may finally prevent the massive rehashing that English instruction goes through every five to ten years.
Phonics instruction is teaching children that specific sounds belong to specific letters and letter patterns. Phonics instructions helps children recognize and associate the sounds of the letters and letter patterns in the words they read. Phonics instruction is a vital part of a literacy program for these reasons:. The NRP explains the goal of phonics instruction is to provide students with the knowledge and ability to use the alphabet to make progress in learning to read, write, and comprehend English.
Vocabulary can be defined as the knowledge of words and their meanings. The purpose of teaching vocabulary is for children to understand words and to use them to acquire and convey meaning. Vocabulary is an important component of a literacy program because the more words that a child knows and understands the more the child will comprehend when reading.
Vocabulary is an important component in a successful literacy program because:. Fluency in reading should include consistent speed, accuracy, and the use of proper expression. Fluency is achieved when a child is no longer focusing on how to read. Helping children read fluently is very important to a successful literacy program.
Fluency is linked directly to comprehension, and once it is achieved, a student can start focusing on the meaning of what they read. Fluency can be achieved by using a literacy program that combines phonemic awareness, phonics instruction, and vocabulary. The NRP suggests that there is a commonality in fluency research, stating that fluency develops through lots of reading practice.
This not only includes reading, but also what is written. Having students attain comprehension of what they are reading and writing is very important. Comprehension is an important component of an effective literacy program for a few reasons:.
Writing is the process of students generating text, whether on paper or on a screen. Some studies suggest that reading and writing are interconnected although they have been taught separately for years. Writing is an important part of a literacy program:. Learn more about spelling. Learn more about the National Reading Panel Intervention programs that address these reading components.
Mehta, P. Literacy as a unidimensional construct: Validation, sources of influence and implications in a longitudinal study in grades 1—4. Scientific Studies of Reading , 9 2 , pp. National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction.
Get Started. Please let us know what questions you have so we can assist. For Technical Support, please call us or submit a software support request. Essential Components of Reading. Phonemic Awareness Phonemes, the smallest units making up spoken language, combine to form syllables and words. Learn more about phonemic awareness Phonics Phonics is the relationship between the letters or letter combinations in written language and the individual sounds in spoken language.
Learn more about phonics Fluency Fluent readers are able to read orally with appropriate speed, accuracy, and proper expression. The resource would lend itself well to teacher in-service or study circle so that strategies could be practiced. Using the assessment guide would help teachers see the importance of teaching comprehension skills, rather than the common practice of focusing on decoding, vocabulary, and fluency.
The suggestions for future research could provide ideas for practitioners to engage in action research projects, implementing comprehension strategies in their own classrooms. The extensive list of references and other resources is helpful for those who would like more depth and background in reading comprehension. This site includes links to information created by other public and private organizations. The U.
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